[转]Six Sigma Black Belt Certification

Body of Knowledge (NEW – Effective for the exam October 20, 2007) <!-- Download the Six Sigma Black Belt Body of Knowledge (PDF, 35 KB). </p> -->
Download the NEW Six Sigma Black Belt Body of Knowledge. (PDF, 512 KB)
The topics in this Body of Knowledge include additional detail in the form of subtext explanations and the cognitive level at which the questions will be written. This information will provide useful guidance for both the Examination Development Committee and the candidates preparing to take the exam. The subtext is not intended to limit the subject matter or be all-inclusive of what might be covered in an exam. It is meant to clarify the type of content to be included in the exam. The descriptor in parentheses at the end of each entry refers to the maximum cognitive level at which the topic will be tested. A more complete description of cognitive levels is provided at the end of this document.

Enterprise-Wide Deployment [9 Questions]

Enterprise-wide view

History of continuous improvementDescribe the origins of continuous improvement and its impact on other improvement models. (Remember)
Value and foundations of Six SigmaDescribe the value of Six Sigma, its philosophy, history and goals. (Understand)
Value and foundations of LeanDescribe the value of Lean, its philosophy, history and goals. (Understand)
Integration of Lean and Six SigmaDescribe the relationship between Lean and Six Sigma. (Understand)
Business processes and systems Describe the relationship among various business processes (design, production, purchasing, accounting, sales, etc.) and the impact these relationships can have on business systems. (Understand)
Six sigma and Lean applicationsDescribe how these tools are applied to processes in all types of enterprises: manufacturing, service, transactional, product and process design, innovation, etc. (Understand)
Leadership

Enterprise leadership responsibilitiesDescribe the responsibilities of executive leaders and how they affect the deployment of Six Sigma in terms of providing resources, managing change, communicating ideas, etc. (Understand)
Organizational roadblocksDescribe the impact an organization’s culture and inherent structure can have on the success of Six Sigma, and how deployment failure can result from the lack of resources, management support, etc.; identify and apply various techniques to overcome these barriers. (Apply)
Change managementDescribe and use various techniques for facilitating and managing organizational change. (Apply)
Six Sigma projects and kaizen events Describe how projects and kaizen events are selected, when to use Six Sigma instead of other problem-solving approaches, and the importance of aligning their objectives with organizational goals. (Apply)
Six Sigma roles and responsibilitiesDescribe the roles and responsibilities of Six Sigma participants: black belt, master black belt, green belt, champion, process owners and project sponsors. (Understand)
Organizational Process Management and Measures [9 Questions]

Impact on stakeholders Describe the impact Six Sigma projects can have on customers, suppliers and other stakeholders. (Understand)
Critical to x (CTx) requirements Define and describe various CTx requirements (critical to quality (CTQ), cost (CTC), process (CTP), safety (CTS), delivery (CTD), etc.) and the importance of aligning projects with those requirements. (Apply)
BenchmarkingDefine and distinguish between various types of benchmarking, including best practices, competitive, collaborative, etc. (Apply)
Business performance measures Define and describe various business performance measures, including balanced scorecard, key performance indicators (KPIs), the financial impact of customer loyalty, etc. (Understand)
Financial measures Define and use financial measures, including revenue growth, market share, margin, cost of quality (COQ), net present value (NPV), return on investment (ROI), cost-benefit analysis, etc. (Apply)
Team Management [16 Questions]

Team formation

Team types and constraintsDefine and describe various types of teams (e.g., formal, informal, virtual, cross-functional, self-directed, etc.), and determine what team model will work best for a given situation. Identify constraining factors including geography, technology, schedules, etc. (Apply)
Team roles Define and describe various team roles and responsibilities, including leader, facilitator, coach, individual member, etc. (Understand)
Team member selectionDefine and describe various factors that influence the selection of team members, including required skills sets, subject matter expertise, availability, etc. (Apply)
Launching teamsIdentify and describe the elements required for launching a team, including having management support, establishing clear goals, ground rules and timelines, and how these elements can affect the team’s success. (Apply)
Team facilitation

Team motivation Describe and apply techniques that motivate team members and support and sustain their participation and commitment. (Apply)
Team stagesFacilitate the team through the classic stages of development: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. (Apply)
Team communication Identify and use appropriate communication methods (both within the team and from the team to various stakeholders) to report progress, conduct milestone reviews and support the overall success of the project. (Apply)
Team dynamicsIdentify and use various techniques (e.g., coaching, mentoring, intervention, etc.) to overcome various group dynamic challenges, including overbearing/dominant or reluctant participants, feuding and other forms of unproductive disagreement, unquestioned acceptance of opinions as facts, groupthink, floundering, rushing to accomplish or finish, digressions, tangents, etc. (Evaluate)
Time management for teamsSelect and use various time management techniques including publishing agendas with time limits on each entry, adhering to the agenda, requiring pre-work by attendees, ensuring that the right people and resources are available, etc. (Apply)
Team decision-making toolsDefine, select and use tools such as brainstorming, nominal group technique, multi-voting, etc. (Apply)
Management and planning tools Define, select and apply the following tools: affinity diagrams, tree diagrams, process decision program charts (PDPC), matrix diagrams, interrelationship digraphs, prioritization matrices and activity network diagrams. (Apply)
Team performance evaluation and reward Measure team progress in relation to goals, objectives and other metrics that support team success and reward and recognize the team for its accomplishments. (Analyze)
Define [15 Questions]

Voice of the customer

Customer identificationSegment customers for each project and show how the project will impact both internal and external customers. (Apply)
Customer feedbackIdentify and select the appropriate data collection method (surveys, focus groups, interviews, observation, etc.) to gather customer feedback to better understand customer needs, expectations and requirements. Ensure that the instruments used are reviewed for validity and reliability to avoid introducing bias or ambiguity in the responses. (Apply)
Customer requirements Define, select and use appropriate tools to determine customer requirements, such as CTQ flow-down, quality function deployment (QFD) and the Kano model. (Apply)
Project charter

Problem statementDevelop and evaluate the problem statement in relation to the project’s baseline performance and improvement goals. (Create)
Project scopeDevelop and review project boundaries to ensure that the project has value to the customer. (Analyze)
Goals and objectives Develop the goals and objectives for the project on the basis of the problem statement and scope. (Apply)
Project performance measures Identify and evaluate performance measurements (e.g., cost, revenue, schedule, etc.) that connect critical elements of the process to key outputs. (Analyze)
Project tracking Identify, develop and use project management tools, such as schedules, Gantt charts, toll-gate reviews, etc., to track project progress. (Create)
Measure [26 Questions]

Process characteristics

Input and output variables Identify these process variables and evaluate their relationships using SIPOC and other tools. (Evaluate)
Process flow metrics Evaluate process flow and utilization to identify waste and constraints by analyzing work in progress (WIP), work in queue (WIQ), touch time, takt time, cycle time, throughput, etc. (Evaluate)
Process analysis toolsAnalyze processes by developing and using value stream maps, process maps, flowcharts, procedures, work instructions, spaghetti diagrams, circle diagrams, etc. (Analyze)
Data collection

Types of dataDefine, classify and evaluate qualitative and quantitative data, continuous (variables) and discrete (attributes) data and convert attributes data to variables measures when appropriate. (Evaluate)
Measurement scalesDefine and apply nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio measurement scales. (Apply)
Sampling methods Define and apply the concepts related to sampling (e.g., representative selection, homogeneity, bias, etc.). Select and use appropriate sampling methods (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, etc.) that ensure the integrity of data. (Evaluate)
Collecting dataDevelop data collection plans, including consideration of how the data will be collected (e.g., check sheets, data coding techniques, automated data collection, etc.) and how it will be used. (Apply)
Measurement systems

Measurement methodsDefine and describe measurement methods for both continuous and discrete data. (Understand)
Measurement systems analysisUse various analytical methods (e.g., repeatability and reproducibility (R&R), correlation, bias, linearity, precision to tolerance, percent agreement, etc.) to analyze and interpret measurement system capability for variables and attributes measurement systems. (Evaluate)
Measurement systems in the enterpriseIdentify how measurement systems can be applied in marketing, sales, engineering, research and development (R&D), supply chain management, customer satisfaction and other functional areas. (Understand)
MetrologyDefine and describe elements of metrology, including calibration systems, traceability to reference standards, the control and integrity of standards and measurement devices, etc. (Understand)
Basic statistics

Basic terms Define and distinguish between population parameters and sample statistics (e.g., proportion, mean, standard deviation, etc.) (Apply)
Central limit theorem Describe and use this theorem and apply the sampling distribution of the mean to inferential statistics for confidence intervals, control charts, etc. (Apply)
Descriptive statisticsCalculate and interpret measures of dispersion and central tendency and construct and interpret frequency distributions and cumulative frequency distributions. (Evaluate)
Graphical methodsConstruct and interpret diagrams and charts, including box-and-whisker plots, run charts, scatter diagrams, histograms, normal probability plots, etc. (Evaluate)
Valid statistical conclusionsDefine and distinguish between enumerative (descriptive) and analytic (inferential) statistical studies and evaluate their results to draw valid conclusions. (Evaluate)
Probability

Basic conceptsDescribe and apply probability concepts such as independence, mutually exclusive events, multiplication rules, complementary probability, joint occurrence of events, etc. (Apply)
Commonly used distributions Describe, apply and interpret the following distributions: normal, Poisson, binomial, chi square, Student’s t and F distributions. (Evaluate)
Other distributions Describe when and how to use the following distributions: hypergeometric, bivariate, exponential, lognormal and Weibull. (Apply)
Process capability

Process capability indicesDefine, select and calculate Cp and Cpk to assess process capability. (Evaluate)
Process performance indicesDefine, select and calculate Pp, Ppk and Cpm to assess process performance. (Evaluate)
Short-term and long-term capability Describe and use appropriate assumptions and conventions when only short-term data or attributes data are available and when long-term data are available. Interpret the relationship between long-term and short-term capability. (Evaluate)
Process capability for non-normal dataIdentify non-normal data and determine when it is appropriate to use Box-Cox or other transformation techniques. (Apply)
Process capability for attributes dataCalculate the process capability and process sigma level for attributes data. (Apply)
Process capability studiesDescribe and apply elements of designing and conducting process capability studies, including identifying characteristics and specifications, developing sampling plans and verifying stability and normality. (Evaluate)
Process performance vs. specificationDistinguish between natural process limits and specification limits, and calculate process performance metrics such as percent defective, parts per million (PPM), defects per million opportunities (DPMO), defects per unit (DPU), process sigma, rolled throughput yield (RTY), etc. (Evaluate)
Analyze [24 Questions]

Measuring and modeling relationships between variables

Correlation coefficientCalculate and interpret the correlation coefficient and its confidence interval, and describe the difference between correlation and causation. (Analyze) NOTE: Serial correlation will not be tested.
RegressionCalculate and interpret regression analysis, and apply and interpret hypothesis tests for regression statistics. Use the regression model for estimation and prediction, analyze the uncertainty in the estimate, and perform a residuals analysis to validate the model. (Evaluate) NOTE: Models that have non-linear parameters will not be tested.
Multivariate toolsUse and interpret multivariate tools such as principal components, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA), etc., to investigate sources of variation. (Analyze)
Multi-vari studiesUse and interpret charts of these studies and determine the difference between positional, cyclical and temporal variation. (Analyze)
Attributes data analysisAnalyze attributes data using logit, probit, logistic regression, etc., to investigate sources of variation. (Analyze)
Hypothesis testing

Terminology Define and interpret the significance level, power, type I and type II errors of statistical tests. (Evaluate)
Statistical vs. practical significanceDefine, compare and interpret statistical and practical significance. (Evaluate)
Sample sizeCalculate sample size for common hypothesis tests (e.g., equality of means, equality of proportions, etc.). (Apply)
Point and interval estimates Define and distinguish between confidence and prediction intervals. Define and interpret the efficiency and bias of estimators. Calculate tolerance and confidence intervals. (Evaluate)
Tests for means, variances and proportions Use and interpret the results of hypothesis tests for means, variances and proportions. (Evaluate)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Select, calculate and interpret the results of ANOVAs. (Evaluate)
Goodness-of-fit (chi square) testsDefine, select and interpret the results of these tests. (Evaluate)
Contingency tablesSelect, develop and use contingency tables to determine statistical significance. (Evaluate)
Non-parametric testsSelect, develop and use various non-parametric tests, including Mood’s Median, Levene’s test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, etc. (Evaluate)
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)Describe the purpose and elements of FMEA, including risk priority number (RPN), and evaluate FMEA results for processes, products and services. Distinguish between design FMEA (DFMEA) and process FMEA (PFMEA), and interpret results from each. (Evaluate)
Additional analysis methods

Gap analysis Use various tools and techniques (gap analysis, scenario planning, etc.) to compare the current and future state in terms of pre-defined metrics. (Analyze)
Root cause analysisDefine and describe the purpose of root cause analysis, recognize the issues involved in identifying a root cause, and use various tools (e.g., the 5 whys, Pareto charts, fault tree analysis, cause and effect diagrams, etc.) for resolving chronic problems. (Evaluate)
Waste analysisIdentify and interpret the 7 classic wastes (overproduction, inventory, defects, over-processing, waiting, motion and transportation) and other forms of waste such as resource under-utilization, etc. (Analyze)
Improve [23 Questions]

Design of experiments (DOE)

TerminologyDefine basic DOE terms, including independent and dependent variables, factors and levels, response, treatment, error, etc. (Understand)
Design principlesDefine and apply DOE principles, including power and sample size, balance, repetition, replication, order, efficiency, randomization, blocking, interaction, confounding, resolution, etc. (Apply)
Planning experimentsPlan, organize and evaluate experiments by determining the objective, selecting factors, responses and measurement methods, choosing the appropriate design, etc. (Evaluate)
One-factor experimentsDesign and conduct completely randomized, randomized block and Latin square designs and evaluate their results. (Evaluate)
Two-level fractional factorial experimentsDesign, analyze and interpret these types of experiments and describe how confounding affects their use. (Evaluate)
Full factorial experimentsDesign, conduct and analyze full factorial experiments. (Evaluate)
Waste eliminationSelect and apply tools and techniques for eliminating or preventing waste, including pull systems, kanban, 5S, standard work, poka-yoke, etc. (Analyze)
Cycle-time reductionUse various tools and techniques for reducing cycle time, including continuous flow, single-minute exchange of die (SMED), etc. (Analyze)
Kaizen and kaizen blitzDefine and distinguish between these two methods and apply them in various situations. (Apply)
Theory of constraints (TOC)Define and describe this concept and its uses. (Understand)
Implementation Develop plans for implementing the improved process (i.e., conduct pilot tests, simulations, etc.), and evaluate results to select the optimum solution. (Evaluate)
Risk analysis and mitigation Use tools such as feasibility studies, SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats), PEST analysis (political, environmental, social and technological) and consequential metrics to analyze and mitigate risk. (Apply)
Control [21 Questions]

Statistical process control (SPC)

Objectives Define and describe the objectives of SPC, including monitoring and controlling process performance, tracking trends, runs, etc., and reducing variation in a process. (Understand)
Selection of variablesIdentify and select critical characteristics for control chart monitoring. (Apply)
Rational subgroupingDefine and apply the principle of rational subgrouping. (Apply)
Control chart selectionSelect and use the following control charts in various situations: individual and moving range (ImR), p, np, c, u, short-run SPC and moving average. (Apply)
Control chart analysisInterpret control charts and distinguish between common and special causes using rules for determining statistical control. (Analyze)
Other control tools

Total productive maintenance (TPM)Define the elements of TPM and describe how it can be used to control the improved process. (Understand)
Visual factoryDefine the elements of a visual factory and describe how they can help control the improved process. (Understand)
Maintain controls

Measurement system re-analysisReview and evaluate measurement system capability as process capability improves, and ensure that measurement capability is sufficient for its intended use. (Evaluate)
Control planDevelop a control plan for ensuring the ongoing success of the improved process including the transfer of responsibility from the project team to the process owner. (Apply)
Sustain improvements

Lessons learned Document the lessons learned from all phases of a project and identify how improvements can be replicated and applied to other processes in the organization. (Apply)
Training plan deploymentDevelop and implement training plans to ensure continued support of the improved process. (Apply)
DocumentationDevelop or modify documents including standard operating procedures (SOPs), work instructions, etc., to ensure that the improvements are sustained over time. (Apply)
Ongoing evaluation Identify and apply tools for ongoing evaluation of the improved process, including monitoring for new constraints, additional opportunities for improvement, etc. (Apply)
Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Frameworks and Methodologies [7 Questions]

Common DFSS methodologies Identify and describe these methodologies. (Understand)

DMADV (define, measure, analyze, design and validate)
DMADOV (define, measure, analyze, design, optimize and validate)
Design for X (DFX) Describe design constraints, including design for cost, design for manufacturability and producibility, design for test, design for maintainability, etc. (Understand)
Robust design and processDescribe the elements of robust product design, tolerance design and statistical tolerancing. (Apply)
Special design tools

StrategicDescribe how Porter’s five forces analysis, portfolio architecting and other tools can be used in strategic design and planning. (Understand)
TacticalDescribe and use the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ), systematic design, critical parameter management and Pugh analysis in designing products or processes. (Apply)
Levels of Cognitionbased on Bloom’s Taxonomy – Revised (2001)
In addition to content specifics, the subtext for each topic in this BOK also indicates the intended complexity levelof the test questions for that topic. These levels are from “Levels of Cognition” (from Bloom’s Taxonomy – Revised, 2001). They are in rank order - from least complex to most complex.
RememberRecall or recognize terms, definitions, facts, ideas, materials, patterns, sequences, methods, principles, etc.
Understand Read and understand descriptions, communications, reports, tables, diagrams, directions, regulations, etc.
Apply Know when and how to use ideas, procedures, methods, formulas, principles, theories, etc. AnalyzeBreak down information into its constituent parts and recognize their relationship to one another and how they are organized; identify sublevel factors or salient data from a complex scenario.
EvaluateMake judgments about the value of proposed ideas, solutions, etc., by comparing the proposal to specific criteria or standards.
Create Put parts or elements together in such a way as to reveal a pattern or structure not clearly there before; identify which data or information from a complex set is appropriate to examine further or from which supported conclusions can be drawn



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