精益历史起源Origins & History Lean Manufacturing
Lean Manufacturing is the latest buzzword in manufacturing circles. It is not especially new. It derives from the Toyota Production System or Just In Time Production, Henry Ford and other predecessors.
The lineage of Lean manufacturing and Just In Time (JIT) Production goes back to Eli Whitney and the concept of interchangeable parts. This article traces the high points of that long history.
Early Developments
While Eli Whitney is most famous as the inventor of the cotton gin. However, the gin was a minor accomplishment compared to his perfection of interchangeable parts. Whitney developed this about 1799 when he took a contract from the U.S. Army for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets at the unbelievably low price of $13.40 each.
For the next 100 years manufacturers primarily concerned themselves with individual technologies. During this time our system of engineering drawings developed, modern machine tools were perfected and large scale processes such as the Bessemer process for making steel held the center of attention.
As products moved from one discrete process to the next through the logistics system and within factories, few people concerned themselves with:
What happened between processes
How multiple processes were arranged within the factory
How the chain of processes functioned as a system.
How each worker went about a task
This changed in the late 1890's with the work of early Industrial Engineers.
The lineage of Lean manufacturing and Just In Time (JIT) Production goes back to Eli Whitney and the concept of interchangeable parts. This article traces the high points of that long history.
Early Developments
While Eli Whitney is most famous as the inventor of the cotton gin. However, the gin was a minor accomplishment compared to his perfection of interchangeable parts. Whitney developed this about 1799 when he took a contract from the U.S. Army for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets at the unbelievably low price of $13.40 each.
For the next 100 years manufacturers primarily concerned themselves with individual technologies. During this time our system of engineering drawings developed, modern machine tools were perfected and large scale processes such as the Bessemer process for making steel held the center of attention.
As products moved from one discrete process to the next through the logistics system and within factories, few people concerned themselves with:
What happened between processes
How multiple processes were arranged within the factory
How the chain of processes functioned as a system.
How each worker went about a task
This changed in the late 1890's with the work of early Industrial Engineers.
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Frank Gilbreth (Cheaper By The Dozen) added Motion Study and invented Process Charting. Process charts focused attention on all work elements including those non-value added elements which normally occur between the "official" elements.
Lillian Gilbreth brought psychology into the mix by studying the motivations of workers and how attitudes affected the outcome of a process. There were, of course, many other contributors. These were the people who originated the idea of "eliminating waste", a key tenet of JIT and Lean Manufacturing.