考研常考单词辨析
考研常考单词辨析
academic a.①学校的，学院的；②学术的；n.学者，大学教师
【真题例句】 If the preoccupation of schools with academic (a.①) work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. 【例句精译】 如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。
【真题例句】 Mr. McWhorter’s academic (a.②) speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. 【例句精译】 麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化，举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很自然的，并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
【真题例句】 Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic (n.) and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “reengineering” has been crude. 【例句精译】 哈佛学者伦纳德•施莱辛格是一家迅速扩张的美味面包店的前总裁，他说，许多“企业重组”都不成熟。
accommodate v.①留宿，收容；②供应，供给；③使适应；使符合
【真题例句】 And they also need to give serious (21：thought) to how they can be best (22：accommodate) (③) such changes. 【例句精译】 他们也应该认真考虑青少年是如何适应这些变化的。
acknowledge v.①承认，认为；②致谢；③确认
【真题例句】 Dr. Worm acknowledges (①) that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. 例句精译】 Worm博士承认这些数据还是保守的，一个原因就是捕渔技术已经改进了很多。
act v.①行动，做事；②（on）起作用；③表演；④（for）代表，代替；n.①行为，动作；②（一）幕；③法令，条例
【真题例句】 Governments throughout the world act (v.②) on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 【例句精译】 世界各国的政府都基于一种观点行政，即人民的福利在很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和国家的财富。
【真题例句】 The paid manager acting (v.④) for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 【例句精译】 代表公司进行管理的领薪经理们与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他们也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉和了解工人的情况。
【真题例句】 Some , however , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act (n.①) to alter the growth pattern of different areas. 【例句精译】 然而，不同的发展过程中，有些不怎么合理——在这些发展过程中，一些权威人士对科学研究应该采取的方式有偏见，从而改变了不同科学领域的发展模式。
【真题例句】 The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act (n.③) to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. 【例句精译】 按撒切尔政府广播法的要求，商业电视频道——第一和第四频道——正在进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。
address n.地址，通讯处，致词；v.①致函，写姓名地址；②向……讲话；③处理
【真题例句】 Depending on whom you are addressing (v.②), the problems will be different. 【例句精译】 针对不同的听众，要谈的问题也应该不同。
aggressive a.①侵略的，好斗的；②大胆的，积极的
【真题例句】 Now it is a social policy, the most important and aggressive (②) promoter of gambling in America is the government. 【例句精译】 现在这是一种社会政策，赌博业最重要的和最激进的支持者是美国政府。
anchor n.①锚；②新闻节目主持人；v.抛锚，停泊
【真题例句】 Fast-food eaters, news anchors (n.②), text messengers, all smiling, smiling. 【例句精译】 快餐食客、新闻主播、发短信的人，都在微笑、微笑。 【真题例句】 Hot spots, anchored (v.) in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. 【例句精译】 位于地壳深处的热点提供了解决该问题的测量依据。
appreciate v.①感谢，感激；②正确评价，欣赏，赏识
【真题例句】 66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that_____.
【真题例句】 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (17：comprehensive) programs that address (v.③) the many needs of the homeless.
【例句精译】 《波士顿环球日报》记者克里斯•雷迪认为只有通过全面规划来解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。 the Japanese appreciate (②) their present life 【例句精译】 66、_____事实显示：日本人的生活方式发生了改变。 日本人欣赏现有的生活.
apprehensive a.①有理解力的；②忧虑的，担心的
【真题例句】 52. What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? Apprehensive (②). 【例句精译】 52、许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度？ 担心，害怕
argue v.①争论，辩论；②认为，主张，论证；③说服
【真题例句】 The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing (①) about the rights of animals is fruitless. 【例句精译】 关键问题是：如果对人的权利没有共同认识，那么讨论动物的权利就是毫无结果的。
【真题例句】 He is not arguing (②), as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. 【例句精译】 不像其他大多数人，麦克沃特先生并不认为我们说话方式不规范就不能使我们直接思考。
attach v.①（to）缚上，系上，贴上；②使依附，使隶属，使依恋；③附加，附带；④把～放在
【真题例句】 A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached (①) to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 【例句精译】 1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体身上，这些人包括从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
【真题例句】 They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached (③). 【例句精译】 这些官员（尤其是魁北克省和阿伯塔省）只希望政府当局额外出钱， 如有可能，还会附带条件。
【真题例句】 The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached (④) great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.【例句精译】 推崇技术的现代学派认为，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都非常重视科学实验中使用的不同技术信息和技术设施，并从中受益颇深。
contend v.①竞争，斗争；②坚决主张，声称，认为
【真题例句】 It is the playgoers, the RSC contends (②), who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.【例句精译】 皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC）声称是看戏的人给小镇带来了大部分收入，因为他们整个晚上（有时甚至是四、五个晚上）都把钱花到旅馆和饭店上。
cook n.炊事员，厨师；v.①烹调，煮，烧；②伪造
【真题例句】 If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook (n.①) .
beam n.①（横）梁，桁条；②（光线的）束，柱；v.①微笑；②发光
【真题例句】 Our magazines feature beaming (v.①) celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. 【例句精译】 我们的杂志突出刊登满面春风的名人和美满幸福的家庭。
cement n.①水泥；②胶泥，胶接剂；v.①胶合；②巩固，加强
【真题例句】 Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented (v.②) by the Aswan High Dam. 【例句精译】 埃及在阿拉伯世界的领导地位因阿斯旺大坝而得以巩固。
chair n.①椅子；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任
【真题例句】 “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair (n.②) of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center,“If you don’t like it, change it.” 【例句精译】 芝加哥医疗中心心理部主任Rosalind Cartwright指出“这是你的梦，你不喜欢它，你可以改变它”。
【真题例句】 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so —and asked an independent panel of experts chaired (vt.) by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【例句精译】 他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提出那样的要求——并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国策建议，向白宫汇报。
climate n.①气候；②风气，社会思潮
【真题例句】 The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates (①). 【例句精译】 逃离人口过度稠密区的做法改变了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。
【真题例句】 When the work is well done, a (43：climate) (②) of accident-free operations is established (44：where) time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 【例句精译】 如果此项工作做得好的话，就会形成无事故作业的好风气，因此那儿的因工伤事故所造成的时间损失就会被控制在最低限度。
code n.①代码，代号，密码；②法典，法规，规划
【真题例句】 Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code (①) during World War II to send secret messages. 【例句精译】 美洲的土著语言是如此地“与众不同”，甚至美军在第二次世界大战中用土著语言Navajo发送密码。
【真题例句】 (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code (②), which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 【例句精译】 (49) 但是，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。
academic a.①学校的，学院的；②学术的；n.学者，大学教师
【真题例句】 If the preoccupation of schools with academic (a.①) work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. 【例句精译】 如果学校对学业的强调减少一些，也许就有更多的时间教孩子更重要的价值观念。
【真题例句】 Mr. McWhorter’s academic (a.②) speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. 【例句精译】 麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化，举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是很自然的，并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
【真题例句】 Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic (n.) and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “reengineering” has been crude. 【例句精译】 哈佛学者伦纳德•施莱辛格是一家迅速扩张的美味面包店的前总裁，他说，许多“企业重组”都不成熟。
accommodate v.①留宿，收容；②供应，供给；③使适应；使符合
【真题例句】 And they also need to give serious (21：thought) to how they can be best (22：accommodate) (③) such changes. 【例句精译】 他们也应该认真考虑青少年是如何适应这些变化的。
acknowledge v.①承认，认为；②致谢；③确认
【真题例句】 Dr. Worm acknowledges (①) that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. 例句精译】 Worm博士承认这些数据还是保守的，一个原因就是捕渔技术已经改进了很多。
act v.①行动，做事；②（on）起作用；③表演；④（for）代表，代替；n.①行为，动作；②（一）幕；③法令，条例
【真题例句】 Governments throughout the world act (v.②) on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 【例句精译】 世界各国的政府都基于一种观点行政，即人民的福利在很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和国家的财富。
【真题例句】 The paid manager acting (v.④) for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 【例句精译】 代表公司进行管理的领薪经理们与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他们也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉和了解工人的情况。
【真题例句】 Some , however , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act (n.①) to alter the growth pattern of different areas. 【例句精译】 然而，不同的发展过程中，有些不怎么合理——在这些发展过程中，一些权威人士对科学研究应该采取的方式有偏见，从而改变了不同科学领域的发展模式。
【真题例句】 The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act (n.③) to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. 【例句精译】 按撒切尔政府广播法的要求，商业电视频道——第一和第四频道——正在进行商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减员工。
address n.地址，通讯处，致词；v.①致函，写姓名地址；②向……讲话；③处理
【真题例句】 Depending on whom you are addressing (v.②), the problems will be different. 【例句精译】 针对不同的听众，要谈的问题也应该不同。
aggressive a.①侵略的，好斗的；②大胆的，积极的
【真题例句】 Now it is a social policy, the most important and aggressive (②) promoter of gambling in America is the government. 【例句精译】 现在这是一种社会政策，赌博业最重要的和最激进的支持者是美国政府。
anchor n.①锚；②新闻节目主持人；v.抛锚，停泊
【真题例句】 Fast-food eaters, news anchors (n.②), text messengers, all smiling, smiling. 【例句精译】 快餐食客、新闻主播、发短信的人，都在微笑、微笑。 【真题例句】 Hot spots, anchored (v.) in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. 【例句精译】 位于地壳深处的热点提供了解决该问题的测量依据。
appreciate v.①感谢，感激；②正确评价，欣赏，赏识
【真题例句】 66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that_____.
【真题例句】 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (17：comprehensive) programs that address (v.③) the many needs of the homeless.
【例句精译】 《波士顿环球日报》记者克里斯•雷迪认为只有通过全面规划来解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。 the Japanese appreciate (②) their present life 【例句精译】 66、_____事实显示：日本人的生活方式发生了改变。 日本人欣赏现有的生活.
apprehensive a.①有理解力的；②忧虑的，担心的
【真题例句】 52. What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? Apprehensive (②). 【例句精译】 52、许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度？ 担心，害怕
argue v.①争论，辩论；②认为，主张，论证；③说服
【真题例句】 The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing (①) about the rights of animals is fruitless. 【例句精译】 关键问题是：如果对人的权利没有共同认识，那么讨论动物的权利就是毫无结果的。
【真题例句】 He is not arguing (②), as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. 【例句精译】 不像其他大多数人，麦克沃特先生并不认为我们说话方式不规范就不能使我们直接思考。
attach v.①（to）缚上，系上，贴上；②使依附，使隶属，使依恋；③附加，附带；④把～放在
【真题例句】 A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached (①) to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 【例句精译】 1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体身上，这些人包括从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
【真题例句】 They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached (③). 【例句精译】 这些官员（尤其是魁北克省和阿伯塔省）只希望政府当局额外出钱， 如有可能，还会附带条件。
【真题例句】 The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached (④) great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.【例句精译】 推崇技术的现代学派认为，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都非常重视科学实验中使用的不同技术信息和技术设施，并从中受益颇深。
contend v.①竞争，斗争；②坚决主张，声称，认为
【真题例句】 It is the playgoers, the RSC contends (②), who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.【例句精译】 皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC）声称是看戏的人给小镇带来了大部分收入，因为他们整个晚上（有时甚至是四、五个晚上）都把钱花到旅馆和饭店上。
cook n.炊事员，厨师；v.①烹调，煮，烧；②伪造
【真题例句】 If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook (n.①) .
beam n.①（横）梁，桁条；②（光线的）束，柱；v.①微笑；②发光
【真题例句】 Our magazines feature beaming (v.①) celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. 【例句精译】 我们的杂志突出刊登满面春风的名人和美满幸福的家庭。
cement n.①水泥；②胶泥，胶接剂；v.①胶合；②巩固，加强
【真题例句】 Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented (v.②) by the Aswan High Dam. 【例句精译】 埃及在阿拉伯世界的领导地位因阿斯旺大坝而得以巩固。
chair n.①椅子；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任
【真题例句】 “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair (n.②) of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center,“If you don’t like it, change it.” 【例句精译】 芝加哥医疗中心心理部主任Rosalind Cartwright指出“这是你的梦，你不喜欢它，你可以改变它”。
【真题例句】 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so —and asked an independent panel of experts chaired (vt.) by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【例句精译】 他宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提出那样的要求——并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国策建议，向白宫汇报。
climate n.①气候；②风气，社会思潮
【真题例句】 The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates (①). 【例句精译】 逃离人口过度稠密区的做法改变了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。
【真题例句】 When the work is well done, a (43：climate) (②) of accident-free operations is established (44：where) time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 【例句精译】 如果此项工作做得好的话，就会形成无事故作业的好风气，因此那儿的因工伤事故所造成的时间损失就会被控制在最低限度。
code n.①代码，代号，密码；②法典，法规，规划
【真题例句】 Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code (①) during World War II to send secret messages. 【例句精译】 美洲的土著语言是如此地“与众不同”，甚至美军在第二次世界大战中用土著语言Navajo发送密码。
【真题例句】 (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code (②), which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 【例句精译】 (49) 但是，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。
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【真题例句】 “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column (③), “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.” 【例句精译】 他在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道：“对任何一个民主社会的检验标准不在于它能多有效地压制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们思考和表达的最广泛的自由，尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。” first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served. 【例句精译】 假如我们想请朋友吃晚饭，我们就会准备菜谱、写购物单、决定先做哪道菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。
【真题例句】 Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook (n.②) his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 【例句精译】 像其他人类一样，普通科学家甚至在每天日常的工作中都遭遇到了道义上的问题——他不应该伪造他的实验、制造证据或改动他的报告。
coverage n.①新闻报导（范围）；②保险项目
【真题例句】 With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage (①), as well as listen to it. 【例句精译】 随着BBC（英国广播公司）全世界电视节目的开播，亚洲和美洲的数以百万计的人不仅可以听到它的新闻广播，而且也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。
crack n.①裂纹，缝隙；②破裂声；v.①（使）开裂；②解决；③（get ～ing）开始
【真题例句】 As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks) (n.①); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. 【例句精译】 随着这个圆顶的增大，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。
【真题例句】 Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked (v.①) rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel. 【例句精译】 因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导作用比作是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、破碎的后视镜及方向盘失灵的破汽车。
【真题例句】 So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking (v.③) about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. 【例句精译】 所以，当官员们聚集在尼亚加拉瀑布城像往常一样不停的抱怨时，他们也应该在自己的权限范围内开始做些有利于他们的预算和病人的事情。
craft n.①工艺，手艺，技巧；②飞机，飞船；③行业；v.精工制作
【真题例句】 The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft (n.①) information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. 【例句精译】 推崇技术的现代学派认为，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都非常重视科学实验中使用的不同技术信息和技术设施，并从中受益颇深。
【真题例句】 The irony of the historian’ s craft (n.③) is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process . 【例句精译】 具有讽刺意味的是，在历史学领域，历史学家都知道，他们所做的努力只不过是为一个永无止境的研究过程做一些贡献罢了。
deliver v.①交付，递送；②发表，表达，陈述；③释放；④接生
【真题例句】 Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver (①) a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. 【例句精译】 最突出的例子是“定向投影”网络公司，该公司使用一种屏保系统，将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。
【真题例句】 Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver (②) in a relaxed and unforced manner. 【例句精译】 （练习幽默）包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。
digest v.消化；n.摘要，文摘
【真题例句】 70. This passage appears to be a digest (n.) of _____.
a book review 【例句精译】 70、本文似乎是_____的摘要。 一个书评
discipline n.①纪律；②学科；③训练，训导；④惩罚，处罚；vt.①训练，训导；②惩罚，约束
【真题例句】 (72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline (n.②) and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 【例句精译】 (72) 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
【真题例句】 As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline (n.③), the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”【例句精译】 正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国孩子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”
【真题例句】 The cruel discipline (n.④) of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. 【例句精译】 罢工和封厂的无情惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。
dismiss v.①免职，解雇，开除，解散；②.不理会，不考虑
【真题例句】 He dismisses (②) a lot of the work of reengineering consultants as mere rubbish —“the worst sort of ambulance-chasing.” 【例句精译】 他对重组顾问们所作的大量工作不屑一顾，然为那些完全是垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。
dock n.船坞，码头；v.入坞，停靠码头
【真题例句】 He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m , then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. 【例句精译】 有时他一次玩两个机器，整夜的玩，直到早上5点关门，然后娱乐场早上9点开门时再回去。
doctor n.①博士；②医生；v.伪造，篡改
【真题例句】 “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St.Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor (n.②).” 【例句精译】 “这是谁啊？”新来的人问圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。”
【真题例句】 Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor (v.) his reports. 【例句精译】 像其他人类一样，普通科学家甚至在每天日常的工作中都遭遇到了道义上的问题——他不应该伪造他的实验、制造证据或改动他的报告。
document n.公文，文献；vt.记载，证明
【真题例句】 Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents (vt.) is unmistakable. 【例句精译】 麦克沃特先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子，从中我们可以看出他所记录的这种趋势不可避免。
draft n.草稿，草案，草图；v.起草，草拟
【真题例句】 That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft (n.) of their recommendations. 【例句精译】 这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，集思广益，并正在将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就几乎定稿的建议书取得了一致意见。
【真题例句】 “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft (v.) the new guidelines. 【例句精译】 康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋大海之中”。
dramatic a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引人注目的
【真题例句】 Yet, dramatic (①) instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. 【例句精译】 然而戏剧性地突然遗忘某事可能会带来适应性方面的问题。
【真题例句】 As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic (②) measures may be ineffective and painful. 【例句精译】 作为一名医生，我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的.
【真题例句】Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic (③) declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 【例句精译】 Straitford公司的简报没有华盛顿许多其他公司常常提供的那种闪烁其词的预报，其他公司这么做是为了避免万一预报不准备人抓住把柄。
element n.①元素；②组成部分；③人员，分子
【真题例句】 They are different (46：in that) their elements (①) are arranged differently, and each vitamin (47：performs) one or more specific functions in the body. 【例句精译】 它们的不同之处在于每种维生素内部的元素排列不同，并且每种维生素在人体内都有一种或多种特殊作用。
【真题例句】 Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element (②) in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 【例句精译】 对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，不仅从地产和土地所有者的责任中脱离出来，而且几乎相应地也从企业管理的责任中脱离出来。
【真题例句】 The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element (③) and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 【例句精译】 通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率曾使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。
engage v.①（in）从事，忙于；②（to）与……订婚；③聘用；④吸引
【真题例句】 Nevertheless Williams’s suit charged that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage (①) in conduct against his will” well. 【例句精译】 然而威廉姆斯还是控告娱乐场，明知道他“不可救药地赌博上瘾”还故意“诱惑”他“违背他自己的意愿参加赌博”。
【真题例句】 The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging (③) a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 【例句精译】 通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率曾使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。
【真题例句】 To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage (④) sympathy.【例句精译】 对于大多数人来说，看见一个动物在受苦，足以引起他们同情。