英语语法(自己整理)

前言
如果说单词是构成英文建筑的砖瓦,那么语法就是构成英文建筑的水泥,虽然学了几年的英语,但是对于语法一直没有做系统的整理,感觉都是较为混乱,但是要想精通英文,语法就是必须翻越的第一座大山.现在将自己学习到的笔记做个汇总,可能不会很全面,但也期望能给同时学英语的同学一些帮助,如果有写错的地方,欢迎拍砖.

1.一般现在时
2.一般过去时
3.一般将来时

4.现在进行时
5.过去进行时
6.将来进行时

7.现在完成时
8.过去完成时
9.将来完成时

10.过去将来完成时

一.一般现在时

1..功能:

1) 表达习惯性,规律性的动作.
eg: I never get up early on Sunday .
eg: I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

2)表达现在的事实状态或动作.
eg : we all like watch TV.
eg : this picture is great value.

3)表达客观真理/格言警句或事实状态.
eg : the earth move round the sun.
eg: two and two makes four .
eg : seeing is believing.
2.构成:
谓语动词使用动词原形,系动词为am,is are,的形式.
当主语是第三人称单数的时,谓语动词要有变化:
1.直接加“S” 比如 gives takes
2.辅音字母加“Y”结尾的单词变Y为i,再加es.比如 carries.
3.以 O,X,S,CH,SH,结尾的动词加es,比如goes/watches等.
3.经常搭配的副词:
often sometimes usally always every year
seldom occasionally frequently
4. 副词的位置通常放在实义动词只前,助动词之后.
eg : He doesn’t always come by train.
Do you ever read in bed ?
I never like jazz.
二.一般过去时.
1).功能;
表示过去某个特定时间或某一点时间之内发生的动作或情况通常搭配过去的某一段时间.(有明确的时间状语)
eg: we visited the school last year .
2).构成;
系动词was/were+v动词+ed.(规则变化和不规则变化)
规则变化:V+ed 比如:walked happened
不规则变化: (特殊记忆)
比如: eat-ate go –went see-saw
一般过去时与一般现在时的区别:
Her brother was an artist .(已过世)
Her brother is an artist . (尚健在)

It was so nice to see you (离别)
It is so nice to see you .(见面)

三. 一般将来时.
1).功能:
一般将来时指的是将来将要发生的事情,
2)构成:
一般用助动词Shall/will加动词原形构成.
Shall 用于第一人称,will用于所有人称,在书写和口语中常缩略为'II,注意WE做主语的问句中,一般用Shall.
eg: I shall/will arrive tomorrow .
eg; we shall arrives tomorrow .

四.现在进行时.
1.功能:
1) 表示目前正在做某事,/或者正在进行的动作.
Eg: It si raining .
Eg: I am still having breakfast .
Eg: What are you doing ?

Eg: we are studying english this summer.
Eg: He is talking physics this semester.
2).下面词可用于进行事态来表示即将开始的动作:
Eg: I am comeing to see you.
The bus is comeing .
The plane is leaving for shanghai.
The old man is very ill ,and he is dying.
3).有些副词用在进行时中间,表示说话人带有感情色情,如赞美/厌恶等.
Always forever continually constantly
He is always lying.
You are constantly complaning.
4).下列表示状态/感觉/情绪/精神/活动的动词不用于进行世态.
Believe doubt see hear know understand
Belong to think consider feel look seem
Sound taste require possess care
Like hate love detest desive
5).常搭配的副词.
Now /at present/at this time/these days.

五.过去进行时.
1.功能:
主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作.
2.构成:
过去进行时:由be的过去式和现在分词构成(was)were +doing .
有时间状语:
In those yars ,we were having a hard time.
We were picking cotton ,when they arrived.
无时间状语,通过上下问来得知.:
Eg:the wind was no longer blowing ,but it was still rather cold.
3.过去进行时和一般过去时的差别,前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示已经完成的动作.
Eg: I was reading a novel last night .
Eg: I read a novel last night .

六.将来进行时.
1.功能:
表示将来某一段时间正在进行的动作或状态.
表示对即将发生动作的一种推测.
2.构成:
Will be doing sth
Shall be doing sth

Eg: what will you be doing at eight tomorrow ?
Eg: we'll be transpanting rice next week.
Eg: the police will be trying to keep order.
3).用将来进行时提问更加客气,礼貌.
Eg: will you be teaching us next term?
Eg: what will you be doing this time tomorrow ?
4).从语法上讲能用will be doing 的句子动能换成will do,表达语气,含义稍微有差别.
Eg: I am ironing the clothes.
Eg: I will be ironing the clothes.

七.现在完成时.
1.功能:
1)表示过去发生的动作对现在存在的影响,常与already,yet.just ever never 等表示不确定时间的时间副词连用.
Eg: He has already finished his home work.
He has been there for six months.
2)表示从过去一直持续到现在并且可能持续下去的动作或状态.常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用:
So far /up till now /since / for a long time /in the last fewyears / these day .
Eg: great change have taken place in this city ith the last 10 years.
2.构成:
Have/has +动词的过去分词.(注意动词的不规则过去式,过去分词).
Go- went –gone sleep –slept –slept drive-drove-driven
Eg: he has gone to canada.
I have lived here for eighteen year.

八,过去完成时.
1.功能:
主要表示过去某时前业已发生的动作或情况.
在很多情况下没有明显的时间状语,时间由上下文表示.过去完成时表示的动作在另一个过去时的之前发生,也就是过去的过去,用过去完成时.
Eg: they fulfiled the plan earlier than they had expected.
Eg: with their help,I realized that I had been wrong.
2.构成.
过去完成时由had +过去分词构成.
3.在包含when ,as soon as ,after ,until ,before 等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语和从句谓语表示的过去动作是在不同时间发生的,那么先发生的动作用过去完成时.
Eg: when I woke up it had already stopped raining.

九.将来完成时.
1.功能:
表示将来某一段时间以前已完成或一直持续的动作.经常与before +将来的时间连用,也可与before or by the time引导的现在时从句连用.
2.构成.
Will/shall+have +过去分词+完成式用于第一人称
Will+have+过去分词完成式用其他人称

A.状态完成.表示某事,继续到将来的某一时为止一直有的状态.
B.动作完成. 表示将来某时到另一个将来的时间点已经完成的动作或已经获取的经验.
Eg: the will have been married for 20 years by then.
Eg:you will have rached Shanghai bu this time tomorrow .

十,过去将来完成时.
1.功能:
表示过去将来某一段时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响.
2.构成:
Should/would have done sth
Eg:I thought you have left by this time.
Eg: He told them he would have finsihed it by 8 o＇clock.
3.过去将来时还常用在虚拟语气中表示与过去的事实相反.注:在当代英语中,大家都用Would.(缩略为＇d)