第五十篇The Value of Accredited Certification

本帖最后由 小编D 于 2012-6-27 16:25 编辑

本文翻译：spear　　校稿： xy_persist

The Value of Accredited Certification
权威认证的价值

ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among the best known standards published by the International Organization for Standardization. These international management system standards have been implemented by more than a million organizations in 175 countries. But many more organizations that could benefit from implementation of management system standards have yet to do so, even though there are compelling reasons to do so.
ISO 9001和ISO14001都是国际化标准组织（ISO）颁布的最著名的标准之一。这些国际的管理体系标准已经被175个国家和地区的超过百万个组织所采用。虽然没有任何强迫的因素，然而许多能够从管理体系标准的应用中获益的组织仍然在采用这些标准。

ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and other management system standards can provide a solid foundation on which to build an organization that can withstand the test of time and challenges of the marketplace. The principles of the standards can help involve and unite employees in working toward a shared goal. And implementation of a certified management system can be a source of employee pride and provide a competitive marketing and sales edge.
ISO 9001，ISO 14001，以及其他管理体系标准为那些能经受住时间考验和市场挑战的组织提供坚强的基石。这些标准的原则能够帮助员工在工作中专注并且统一于一个共有的目标。一个经过认证的管理体系的应用可能会成为员工骄傲的资本并且提供一个有竞争力的营销手段和销售优势。

For a low fee, the standards give organizations proven ideas, techniques, and principles that many could not afford to research on their own. And the immediate and long term benefits of certification can far outweigh the costs. In addition to increasing customer confidence in an organization, an accredited certification can help the organization operate more efficiently.
至少，这些标准给组织带来已经被证明的理念、技术和原则，其中很多不能自己研究。并且认证的短期和长期利益比成本更重要。另外在一个组织中，为了提高顾客满意，一个权威的认证可以帮助组织更有效率的运行。

Recent Articles
近期的话题

Jospeh Iwaro and Abrahams MWasha, "The Effects of ISO Certification on Organization Workmanship Performance," Quality Management Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 53ff.
约瑟夫.艾瓦诺和亚伯拉罕.M.瓦莎 《ISO认证对组织工艺成效的影响》 质量管理杂志 第19卷第一页。

The use of ISO 9001 certification to improve workmanship on construction projects is a research area that is presently receiving attention due to the competitive demand for quality projects and infrastructure in the market. There is limited information, however, regarding the extent of the relationship between ISO 9001 certification and workmanship performance. Also, the impacts of the systemic factors on workmanship need to be considered. As a result, this study is aimed at addressing these issues. This study investigates the effects of ISO 9001 certification on organization workmanship performance using the construction industry as a case study. A questionnaire survey was used to identify factors that contribute to poor workmanship on construction projects. The study also compared workmanship performance between ISO certified organizations and non-ISO-certified organizations. It was found that ISO 9001 certified organizations performed better in workmanship performance compared to non-ISO 9001 certified organizations. As a result, a correlation relationship was established among the improvement of workmanship factors, ISO 9001 certifications, and workmanship performance.
ISO 9001认证用来改进施工项目的工艺是一个研究领域，这个领域近来因为质量项目和市场基础建设的竞争性需求受到关注。然而，在考虑ISO 9001认证和工艺成效之间的关系的广度时，这些信息是有限的。系统因素对工艺的影响也需要考虑到。结果是，那些有争议的问题成了这类研究的目标。以建筑行业作为研究例子，这类研究调查了ISO 9001认证对组织工艺成效的影响。调查表的结论用来确定在施工项目中导致不良工艺的原因。这个研究还对经过ISO认证的组织和未经过ISO认证的组织的工艺成效进行比较。结果发现：经过ISO认证的组织比未经过ISO认证的组织在工艺成效方面表现得好。结论是：在工艺因素的改进、ISO 9001认证和工艺成效之间有相关关系。

Quality Digest Daily in August 2011 published two articles written by members of the ANAB Accreditation Council.
2011年8月的《每日质量摘要》刊登了由标准认证委员会的成员所写的两篇论文：

Why Management System Standards Add Value
《为何管理体系标准能增值》

Quality Management Systems: The 10 Most Common Myths
《质量管理体系：10个最普通的神话》

The authors of the articles are Mark Ames, president of AQS Management Systems Inc.; Reg Blake, vice president of corporate development and regulatory affairs for BSI Group America Inc.; Michael J. Caruso, vice president of certification for UL DQS Inc.; and Phil Heinle, owner of Quality Consulting.
论文的作者是：马克.艾姆斯，空气质量系统管理系统公司总裁；罗格.布莱克，美国BSI集团公司企业发展和事物管理副总裁；麦克尔.J.卡鲁索，DQS航空公司负责UL认证的副总裁；菲尔.赫因勒，质量咨询公司老板。

Another article published by Quality Digest notes that ISO 9001 can help companies win new business.
另外一篇由《每日质量文摘》刊登的论文提到了ISO 9001能够帮助企业赢得新的商机。

Recent Research
近期的研究

Here's an overview of some recent research on the impact of management system implementation and certification:
回顾一下关于管理体系应用和认证的影响的研究。

Quality Management and Job Quality: How the ISO 9001 Standard for Quality management Systems Affects Employees and Employers
质量管理和工作质量：质量管理体系的ISO 9001标准怎样影响员工和老板？

In this the first large-scale study to examine the effects of ISO 9001 on employee outcomes such as employment, earnings, and health and safety, David I. Levine of the University of California at Berkeley and Michael W. Toffel of the Harvard Business School analyzed a matched sample of nearly 1,000 companies in California. ISO 9001 adopters subsequently had far lower organizational death rates than a matched control group of non-adopters. Among surviving employers, ISO adopters realized higher rates of growth of sales, employment, payroll, and average annual earnings. Injury rates also declined slightly at ISO 9001 adopters, although total injury costs did not. The paper describes implications for managers and public policy. Key concepts include:
在这个最大规模的关于检验ISO 9001对雇员影响的研究中得到诸如雇佣关系、利润、健康和安全之类的结果。位于伯克莱的加尼佛尼亚大学的戴维.I.李文和哈佛商学院的麦克尔.W.托菲尔分析了一个有近1000家加尼佛尼亚企业的合适案例。ISO 9001的采用者后来组织的倒闭比例远小于未采用者的相应控制组。在幸存的老板当中，ISO的采用者获得更高的销售增长率、更好的雇佣关系、更多的薪金总额和平均年收益。对于ISO 9001的采用者来说，损害率也降低了不少。本文描述了针对管理者和公共策略的应用。核心理念包括：

Companies that adopt ISO 9001 subsequently grow faster in sales, employment, payroll, and average annual earnings than a matched control group. ISO 9001 adopters are also more likely to remain in business.
采用ISO 9001的公司后来在销售、雇佣关系、薪金总支出和年均收入方面都比进行对比的相应控制组增长得快。ISO 9001的采用者也更倾向于在经营中坚持采用。

ISO 9001 adopters subsequently became more likely to report zero injuries eligible for workers' compensation. However, there is no evidence that a firm's total or average injury costs improved or worsened subsequent to adoption.
ISO 9001采用者后来更喜欢得到对工人合适补偿后零损失的报告。然而，没有任何证据显示：一个公司在使用ISO9001之后总损失或者平均损失成本改善了或者是恶化了。

Resolving Information Asymmetries in Markets: The Role of Certified Management Programs
市场上解决信息的非对称性：认证管理程序的角色

Michael W. Toffel of the Harvard Business School conducted one of the first evaluations to determine whether a voluntary management program that features an independent verification mechanism is achieving its ultimate objectives. Using a sample of thousands of manufacturing facilities across the United States, he found evidence that ISO 14001 has attracted companies with superior environmental performance, and that adopters subsequently improve their environmental performance. These results suggest that robust verification mechanisms such as independent certification may be necessary for voluntary management programs to mitigate information asymmetries surrounding management practices. Implications are discussed for the industry-associations, government agencies, and the non-governmental organizations that design these programs, the companies that are investing resources to adopt them, and those that are relying on them to infer the quality of management practices.
哈佛商学院的麦克尔.W.托菲尔实施了最早的评定之一来确定一个主导独立的认证机构的自发管理规划是否可以达到最终目的。用横跨美国的上千制造工厂作为例子，他证实了ISO 14001引起了公司对环保工作的重视，并且实施者随后改善了他们的环保工作。这些结果显示：诸如独立认证之类的健全认证机构对自发管理规划减轻围绕管理实施的信息的非对称性来说或许是必需的。这些影响被企业联盟、政府机构和非政府组织讨论，以设计企业规划、正在投入资源实施这些规划的公司和那些依赖它们来推断管理实施的质量的做法

Formal Management Systems Help Startups Succeed Says Award-Winning Paper
Young companies that adopt structured systems to run their operations in their early years grow three times faster than competitors and have a lower rate of CEO turnover, according to an award-winning research paper.
一篇名为《规范的管理体系帮助企业创建初期开启成功的大门》的论文指出，新建公司在开始几年应用结构化体系来运营，会比竞争对手的成长快三倍，并且CEO的离职频率也低些。

According to the researchers, "Some entrepreneurs mistakenly view management systems as significant inhibitors to creativity and growth" and delay adopting systems such as information-based routines that can maintain or alter patterns of organizational activities. "Failure by managers to recognize the value of systems when they achieve rapid growth in their early years will increase the likelihood that part of that growth and scaling will not be sustainable."
据研究者认为，“一些企业家错误地认为管理体系会明显的阻碍企业创新和成长”，并且推迟实施诸如以信息为基础的能够维护和改变企业行为模式的例行程序。“在早些年他们的公司快速成长的时候管理者们未曾认识到体系的价值，这将会增加一种可能性——那些增长和扩大规模的部分将不会持久。”

"Building Sustainable High-Growth Startup Companies: Management Systems as an Accelerator," is the co-winner of the 2011 Accenture Award presented by the California Management Review, recognizing a paper that "has made the most important contribution to improving the practice of management." Antonio Davila, professor of entrepreneurship at University of Navarra in Barcelona; George Foster, The Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Management at the Stanford Graduate School of Business; and Ning Jia, and associate professor of accounting at Tsinghua University in Beijing co-authored the paper after studying 78 California companies.
由加尼佛尼亚管理评论杂志出版的《构建持续高增长的公司：将管理体系作为加速器》一文获得2011年埃森哲奖，该杂志认为这个论文“为改善管理行为做出了非常重要的贡献”。文章的作者（安东尼奥.丹威拉，巴塞罗那Navarra大学企业家能力教学教授；乔治.佛斯特，斯坦佛商业研究学院的Konosuke松下电子管理学教授；贾宁，北京清华大学会计学副教授）在研究了78家加尼佛尼亚公司后联合撰写了这篇论文。

At their inception, many young companies can be run successfully by a founder/CEO who wears multiple hats and oversees all aspects of the operation. "As the company grows, however, this management style can be deadly," the researchers found.
在创业初期，许多年轻的公司能够在创立者/CEO的掌控下成功地运营，这些创立者/CEO拥有多个头衔并且全方位监督运营。研究者发现：“然而，随着公司的发展，这个管理模式会变得毫无生机。”

For most companies, the change needs to be made when the firm includes somewhere between 50 and 100 employees. They found that firms with "professional investors," such as venture capitalists, tend to be more successful because the investors force the transition to a more formal management style.
对大多数公司来说，当公司雇员规模在差不多50到100人之间时，就需要做出改变。他们发现拥有“专业投资人”比如风险资本家的公司有更成功的趋势，因为投资者强迫将管理模式转换为更规范的管理模式。

Survey of ISO 14001 Certified Companies
获得ISO 14001认证的公司的调查

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center found that most of the ISO 14001 certificate holders responding to a national survey reported a relatively quick payback time on their investment. The survey data indicate that doing a thorough job up front in identifying environmental aspects and testing them for improvement leads to the bottom-line benefits that organizations expect from certification. Many organizations experienced a two-year financial payback, and some experienced a one-year return. The impact of internal gains in areas such as employee awareness, management awareness, and management involvement in environmental affairs was even greater, indicating that ISO certification streamlines a facility's management system to produce long-term benefits. The Wharton survey was developed with input from ANAB and QSU Publishing Company.
宾夕法尼亚大学的沃顿风险管理和决策过程中心的研究员们发现大多数响应国际调查的ISO 14001认证持有者关于他们的投资有一个相对比较快速的偿还期。调查数据显示：在识别环保方面和为改进而做测试之前作一番完善的工作以达到组织所期望的从认证方面获得的最少收益。许多组织期望一份两年期的财务回报，而一些组织则期望一年期回报。在局部地方，诸如员工意识、管理意识和管理在环境事务中的介入程度等内部收益的影响甚至更大，表明ISO认证将工厂的管理体系合理化以产生长期效益。沃顿调查随着来自ANAB和QSU出版公司的投入而得到发展。

Additional Resources
额外资源

Benefits of Management Systems Certification
管理体系认证的收益

M. Litsikas, 1997. Companies choose ISO certification for internal benefits. Quality, 36: 20-26, and S. Rao, et al., 1997. Does ISO 9000 have an effect on quality management rractices? An International Empirical Study. Total Quality Management, 8: 335-346.
M.利兹卡斯1997年著《公司为内部收益而选择ISO认证》，质量杂志 36：20-26
S.Rao等人1997年著《ISO 9000对质量管理活动有影响吗？》 《国际经验研究 》，全面质量管理，8：335-346

Management standards entail a recipe of beneficial practices and thereby improve the operational performance of certified organizations.
管理标准蕴含有益行为的诀窍，由此改进经过认证的组织的经营行为。

A. King, et al., 2005. The strategic use of decentralized institutions: exploring certification with the ISO 14001 management standard. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1091-1106.
A.金等人2005年著 《分散机构的关键作用：探索ISO 14001管理标准认证》 管理学院杂志 48（6）：1091-1106
Certification provides credible information about hard-to-observe organizational attributes; in particular, certification reveals the existence of an underlying management system and such systems are associated with performance improvement.
认证提供了有关很难观察到的组织特性的可靠信息；特别地，认证揭露了一个基本管理体系的存在，这个体系与活动改进有关。

Benefits of ISO 9001 Certification.
ISO 9001认证的好处
A. Terlaak and A.A. King, 2006. The effect of certification with the ISO 9000 quality management standard: a signaling approach. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 60(4): 579-602.
A.特拉克和A.A.金2006年著《ISO 9000质量管理标准认证的影响：一个标志性的方法》，经济行为与组织杂志，60（4）：579-602

Certification to ISO 9000 is associated with a facility growth effect, which increases with the extent to which buyers have numerous suppliers among which they can choose. The effect of ISO 9000 is larger in industries where supplier attributes are more intangible.
对ISO 9000的认证影响到工厂的成长，它增加了买方在众多供应商中间可以进行选择的范围。ISO 9000在供应商特性更难以琢磨的工业领域的影响更大些，

Facilities certified to ISO 900 experience a greater increase in production volume subsequent to certification than non-certified facilities, and the effect increases with the size of the industry to which the certified facility belongs.
通过ISO 9000认证的工厂后来在产量上比没有得到认证的工厂得到更大的增长，并且这个影响随着该认证企业所属的工业的规模而增长。

Certification allows buyers to identify suppliers with better quality attributes, which, in turn, triggers certified facilities to expand their production.
认证让买方以更好的质量特性来识别供应商，反过来，这也激发通过认证的工厂扩展它们的产品。

Benefits of ISO 14001 Certification
ISO 14001认证的好处

Nicole Darnall, 2006. Why firms mandate ISO 14001 certification. Business & Society, 45(3), 354-381.
尼克勒.达纳尔2006年著《为何公司授权进行ISO 14001认证》 商业与社会杂志 45（3）：354-381

Firms that mandate ISO 14001 endure greater external pressures and have stronger complementary resources and capabilities that support their organization-wide ISO 14001 policies.
得到ISO 14001授权的公司更能承受外界压力，拥有更强互补性的资源和能力来支持他们的组织范围内的ISO 14001战略。

Continual improvement of environmental practices can facilitate pollution prevention by encouraging firms to substitute harmful inputs with more environmentally conscious ones and to eliminate some regulated processes altogether.
通过鼓励公司用更具环保意识的投入来替代有害物质并且同时淘汰一些控制过程，环保行为的持续改进能够更容易防止污染。

P. Bansal and T. Hunter, 2003. Strategic explanations for the early adoption of ISO 14001. Journal of Business Ethics, 46: 289-299.
P.班撒尔和T.亨特2003年著《早期采用ISO 14001的战略计划》 商业伦理学杂志 46：289-299

Organizations certified to ISO 14001 may be able to enhance their environmental image and confer external legitimacy.
通过ISO 14001认证的组织可能能够增强他们的环保形象并且授予合法地位。

C. Coglianese and J. Nash, eds., 2001. Regulating from the Inside: Can Environmental Management Systems Achieve Policy Goals? Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
C.科格莱昂尼斯和J.纳什等2001年著《从内部管理：环境管理体系能达成策略目标吗？》 华盛顿特区未来资源研究所

Organizations that certify to ISO 14001 may be able to use ISO 14001 to increase their internal efficiencies and create competitive advantage opportunities and economic benefits.
得到ISO 14001认证的组织可能会使用ISO 14001来增加他们内部的效率并且创造竞争优势的机会和经济效益。

Companies that reduce their environmental impacts below legal reporting thresholds may no longer be subject to costly regulatory mandates.
将环境影响降低到报告的临界值以下的公司不再遭受昂贵的监管费用的困扰。

M. Delmas, 2002. The diffusion of environmental standards in europe and in the United States. Policy Sciences, 35: 91-119, and R. Adams, 1999. ISO 14001: a key ingredient of competitive advantage. Environmental Law and Management, 11: 103-114.
M.德尔马斯2002年著《环境标准在欧洲和美国的传播》 政策科学 35：91-119
和R.阿丹姆斯1999年著《ISO 14001：竞争优势的一个关键要素》 环境法和管理 11：103-114

Efficiencies can accrue through the auditing process by reducing the risk of costly environmental accidents, lowering corporate liability exposure, and improving access and competitiveness in the marketplace.
在整个审核过程中，效率会得到增长，这些通过减少昂贵的环境事故的风险、降低公司的风险责任、改善市场的进入途径和竞争力实现。

N. Darnall and D. Edwards Jr., 2006. Predicting the cost of environmental management system adoption: the role of capabilities, resources, and ownership structure. Strategic Management Journal, 27: 301-320.
N.达诺尔和D.爱德华兹等2006年著《环境管理体系采用费用的预测：权力作用，资源和所有制结构》 战略管理杂志 27：301-320

Strategic benefits may accrue to ISO 14001-certified companies in that certification requires that firms routinely scrutinize their internal operations, engage employees in environmental issues, continually monitor their progress, and increase their knowledge about their operations.
对通过ISO 14001认证的公司来说，可以在这些过程中获得战略利益：认证要求公司经常检查他们内部运作，让员工参与环境问题，持续监控他们的进展并且提高他们关于他们行为的知识。

K.F. Pun and L.K. Hui, 2001. An analytical hierarchy process assessment of the ISO 14001 environmental management system. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 12: 333-345.
K.F.庞和L.K.惠2001年著《ISO 14001环境管理体系的一个体系过程分析评估》 集成制造系统 12：333-345

EMS activities also help firms to increase employee morale and reassess environmental performance as a contribution to productivity and innovation.
EMS活动也帮助公司提高雇员的品行，以及再评价环保活动对生产和创新的贡献。

K. Kollman and A. Prakash, 2001. Green by choice? Cross-national variations in firms' responses to EMS-based environmental regimes. World Politics, 53: 399-430.
K.克尔曼和A.普拉卡西2001年著《选择绿化？在公司对基于EMS德环境制度的响应方面的跨国际变化》 世界政策 53：399-430

Although often difficult to quantify, the enhanced image and legitimacy that can accrue from ISO 14001 certification could lead to increased sales, improved ability to recruit talented employees, and enhanced relations with external stakeholders.
虽然常常很难进行量化，可自ISO 14001认证获得的增强的图像和合法性可能会导致销售的增长，雇用有潜力雇员的能力提高，以及与外部利益主体关系的增强。

Benefits of an EMS
EMS的收益

W. Shireman, 2003. A Measurement Guide to Productivity: 50 Powerful Tools to Grow Your Triple Bottom Line. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.
W.谢尔曼2003年著《生产测量指导：50个增强你的三角形底线的强力工具》 东京 亚洲生产组织

Continual improvement processes benefit organizations by embedding environmental considerations deep within the firm so they become an integral element of the business strategy.
通过在公司内部内嵌深度环境考量，持续改进过程使组织受益，因此他们成为商业战略的一个不可或缺的因素。

A. King, et al., 2005. The strategic use of decentralized institutions: exploring certification with the ISO 14001 management standard. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1091-1106.
A.金等人2005年著 《分散机构的关键作用：探索ISO 14001管理标准认证》 管理学院杂志 48（6）：1091-1106

The existence of an EMS in a given year was associated with significant increases in environmental performance in the follow year.
在某一年EMS的存在与接下来一年中环保行为的显著增长有关。
Certification Pays
认证费用
C.J. Corbett, et al., 2002. Does ISO certification pay? ISO Management Systems, Special Report, 31-40.
C.J.科贝特等2002年著《ISO认证值得么？》 ISO管理体系特别报告 31-40

Certification appears to lead to improved financial performance measured by return on assets.
通过资产回报来度量，认证看来好像会带来财务行为的改进。

Firms that failed to seek certification experienced substantial deteriorations in return on assets, productivity, and sales, while firms that sought certification generally managed to avoid such declines.
寻求认证失败的公司大体都经历过投资回报、生产率和销售的恶化，然而，得到认证的公司一般都设法避免了这种衰落。

Firms that received certification did not, on average, see their absolute performance improve, but did see their relative performance improve substantially, compared to their uncertified peers.
一般说来，得到认证的公司并不能看到他们的绝对的行为改善，但是大体上能看到与未得到认证的同类公司相比较而言的相对行为的改善。

C.J. Corbett, et al., 2005. The financial impact of ISO 9000 certification in the US: an empirical analysis. Management Science, 51(7): 1046-1059.
C.J.科贝特等2005年著《在美国ISO 9000认证的财务影响：一个经验分析》 管理科学 51（7）：1046-1059

After deciding to seek their first ISO 9000 certification, publicly traded U.S. manufacturing firms experienced significant abnormal improvements in financial performance.
在决定寻求他们的第一次ISO 9000认证后，在美国公开上市的制造公司在财务行为方面经历了重大的异乎寻常的改进。

Careful design and implementation of consistent and documented quality management systems can contribute significantly to superior financial performance.
一致的文档化的质量管理体系的仔细设计和应用能够显著地为财务绩效做出贡献。

M. Casadesús et al., 2001. Benefits of ISO 9000 implementation in Spanish industry. European Business Review, 3(6): 327-335.
M. Casadesús等2001年著《ISO 9000载西班牙工业中应用的收益》 欧洲商业展望 3（6）：327-335

Basque companies report substantial operational and financial benefits from certification.
巴斯克公司报告了大体上来自认证的运行和财务收益。

Why Companies Become Certified
为何公司都认证了？

A. King, et al., 2005. The strategic use of decentralized institutions: exploring certification with the ISO 14001 management standard. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1091-1106.
A.金等人2005年著 《分散机构的关键作用：探索ISO 14001管理标准认证》 管理学院杂志 48（6）：1091-1106

Firms were more likely to seek certification when their potential trade partners might lack credible information or fear supplier opportunism.
当潜在商业伙伴缺乏权威认证或者害怕供应商投机取巧的时候，公司更趋向于寻求认证。

Costs of Certification
认证成本

Naveh et al., 1999. ISO 9000 Survey '99: An Analytical Tool to the Costs, Benefits and Savings of ISO 9000 Registration. McGraw-Hill: New York.
Naveh等1999年著《’99ISO 9000概论：ISO 9000注册的成本、收益和节约的一个分析工具》 Mc.格劳-希尔：纽约

Research found the average cost of certification for an organization in petrochemicals is about $9 per thousand dollars of sales for organizations with sales volumes smaller than $25 million, and $1 per thousand dollars of sales for companies with sales volumes of $25-$100 million. Similar patterns hold for organizations in six other industries investigated.
研究发现一个石油化工组织的平均认证费用为：对于销售额小于2.5亿美元的组织大约是每千元销售额9美元，对于公司销售额在2.5-10亿美元的组织为每千元销售额1美元。在6个其他工业调查中，组织存在相似的模式。

Value and More Value
有价值和更有价值

E. Naveh and A. Marcus, 2004. When does ISO 9000 quality assurance standard lead to performance improvements? Assimilation and going beyond. IEEE Transactions Engineering Management, 51(3): 352-363.
E. Naveh和A.马可斯2004年著《ISO 9000质量保证标准何时能带来业绩改善？》 同化和超越 IEEE业务工程管理 51（3）：352-363

A detailed survey of ISO 9000 in the United States finds that "going beyond" the requirements of the standard increases its value to the firm.
美国的一份详细的ISO 9000调查发现，“超越”标准的需要增加其对公司的价值。

The Third-Party Process: Waste of Resources or Added Value?
第三方过程：浪费资源还是增加价值？

Certification, registration, accreditation - the jargon of conformity assessment can be confusing. This white paper on the value of accredited certification covers the basics and then some.
认证，注册，认可——是几个容易混淆的专业术语。白皮书上关于公认的认证价值包含其中最基础的部分。